{"id":131,"date":"2023-02-15T17:25:32","date_gmt":"2023-02-15T17:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/francescaszemere.com\/wordpress\/?p=131"},"modified":"2023-02-15T17:29:16","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T17:29:16","slug":"post-about-race-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/francescaszemere.com\/wordpress\/2023\/02\/15\/post-about-race-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Post about RACE 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <b>race<\/b> is a categorization of <a title=\"Human\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human\">humans<\/a> based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given <a title=\"Society\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Society\">society<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Barnshaw_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Barnshaw-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> The term came into common usage during the 16th century, when it was used to refer to groups of various kinds, including those characterized by close <a title=\"Kinship\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinship\">kinship<\/a> relations.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> By the 17th century, the term began to refer to physical (<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Phenotypical\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenotypical\">phenotypical<\/a>) traits, and then later to <a title=\"Nation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nation\">national<\/a> affiliations. Modern <a title=\"Science\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science\">science<\/a> regards race as a <a title=\"Social constructionism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_constructionism\">social construct<\/a>, an <a title=\"Identity (social science)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identity_(social_science)\">identity<\/a> which is assigned based on rules made by society.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Malina2021_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Malina2021-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Gannon2016_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Gannon2016-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Barnshaw_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Barnshaw-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Britannica_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Britannica-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> The concept of race is foundational to <a title=\"Racism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racism\">racism<\/a>, the belief that humans can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another.<\/p>\n<p>Social conceptions and groupings of races have varied over time, often involving <a title=\"Folk taxonomy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folk_taxonomy\">folk taxonomies<\/a> that define <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:essentiality\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/essentiality\">essential types<\/a> of individuals based on perceived traits.<sup id=\"cite_ref-montagu_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-montagu-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Today, scientists consider such biological <a title=\"Essentialism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essentialism\">essentialism<\/a> obsolete,<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTESober2000148\u2013151_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-FOOTNOTESober2000148%E2%80%93151-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> and generally discourage racial explanations for collective differentiation in both physical and behavioral traits.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lee,_Mountain;_et_al._2008_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Lee,_Mountain;_et_al._2008-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-aaa_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-aaa-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Keita2_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Keita2-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that <a title=\"Essentialism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essentialism\">essentialist<\/a> and typological conceptions of race are untenable,<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-:4-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nih10_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-nih10-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> While some researchers continue to use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits or observable differences in behavior, others in the <a title=\"Scientific community\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_community\">scientific community<\/a> suggest that the idea of race is inherently naive<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lee,_Mountain;_et_al._2008_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Lee,_Mountain;_et_al._2008-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> or simplistic.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Graves_2001_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Graves_2001-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> Still others argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance because all living humans belong to the same <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Human subspecies\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_subspecies\">subspecies<\/a>, <i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Homo sapiens sapiens\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homo_sapiens_sapiens\">Homo sapiens sapiens<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Keita2004_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-Keita2004-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-AAPA_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_(human_categorization)#cite_note-AAPA-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.[1] The term came into common usage during the 16th century, when it was used to refer to groups of various kinds, including those characterized by close kinship relations.[2] By the&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/francescaszemere.com\/wordpress\/2023\/02\/15\/post-about-race-2\/\"> Read More<span 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